Causes of Coral Reef Degradation
From the International Coral Reef Initiative Report to the United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development
| Man-made Stresses | Natural Stresses |
| -pressure from population increase (including migration and intensified uses) | -Crown of Thorns (Starfish) predator outbreaks |
| -depletion of fish stocks | -tropical storm damage |
| -destructive fishing methods, such as dynamite blasting and poisons (cyanide) | -warmer ocean temperature fluctuations resulting in coral bleaching |
| -excessive non-point source pollution, e.g. from agricultural runoff and contamination of aquifers | -earthquakes |
| -ship-based pollution; including oil, plastics and bilge water | -wave action |
| -mangrove harvesting or displacement for aqua culture products | -flooding |
| -increased sedimentation as a result of deforestation and poor land use | -flooding and surface water run-off |
| -coral and coral sand mining | -Natural Diseases |
| -unplanned tourism-including inadequate wasted water treatment, unregulated construction, collection of corals and ornamental reef species, spear fishing, etc. | Identified Hard Coral Diseases (The Coral Disease Page) offline |
| -land based and urban construction activities including dredging, filling, and increased siltation |
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